Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover Essay Example

Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover Essay Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers, European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia. Ann Laura Stoler Race and the Education of Desire, Fauoult’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Ann Laura Stoler Introduction We will be presenting two essays by Ann Laura Stoler. The first essay, â€Å"Race and the Education of Desire†, Foucault’s history of sexuality discusses class, race and desire in terms of family and state regulations which are identified as the moral [bourgeois] code in the colonial context of Indochina. The second essay, Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers, European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia is focused on the construction of colonial categories in relation to people belonging to various geographical and cultural roots. Background of French Colonial Expansion: During the nineteenth century, France embarked on a series of conquests, annexations, and campaigns of pacification. From 1900 to 1914 the pacification of various colonies continued, agreements were signed with local authorities, and administrative organizations were put in place that imposed French models for schools, hospitals, and the army. Colonists began developing infrastructures which facilitated the exportation of raw material to metropolitan France. French Indochina It was a colony of commerce which was under the French rule in the 1860s and in the 1870s the Europeans began to settle here, in 1900 approximately 91 thousand settlers were classified European in the Indies. The metis population is also included in this estimate. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Race and the Education of Desire, Foucault’s history of sexuality Stoler represents bourgeois classism in its linkage to racism. The Bourgeois code is discussed as a desire to defend its members from the pollution of the primitive others. The former are considered as threat and enemy of the White culture. Bourgeois fear of assimilation [re]establishes boundaries and influences the entire society [the other social groups]. This moral bourgeois code, represented in the film, is politically defended and implemented in everyday life, it presents prescriptions for both, bourgeois [the lower-class Whites] and natives. In other words the external boundaries of the group are required to be defended by all its members. Hence, racism is established as exposed to the individual and the group explicit regulations. The moral code basically defines appropriate gender and sexual behavior of both men and women. Male and female sexual boundaries are different in that man’s sexuality is less regulated than that of women. Male sexual behavior requires less attention in the colonial context. Man’s outside- camp [home] sexual relations remain unregulated as far as they do not include interracial marriage. The concombinage with native women turn into wide-spread practice. However, the opposite also became a practice as well [ white women with native men] [p. 183] Masculinity defines its hierarchy: at the bottom the native men. The former’s sexuality became under question. The native men were deprived by their masculinity within the colony; they were effeminized. They were seen as less capable men [in the context of Indochina], both sexually and socially. They were gazed as primitive unable to [reason]†¦. â€Å"it takes two of you to do the job† Crossing the race and class boundaries becomes a morality issue. The invisible ties separate different classes and races. However, that question becomes more complex in the colonial context. The sexual relations among economically lower status bourgeois and middle class native complicate the race and class categories. Besides, those interracial relations did not challenge the racism [the invisible ties played out their role], neither the created stereotype regarding the native men. Nevertheless, the boundaries were policed from the both sides of the borderline. Natives were also defending the racial purity of their community. They used those stereotypes for their own purposes. Their weakness became their strength, a strategy to protect the purity of their culture. â€Å"No two of me four of me. You don’t know how weak I am† In the geographical setting of French Indochina†¦ I will mention how sexuality plays a crucial role on creating and confusing colonial categories. The French film â€Å"The Lover† provides us with a creative insight to see, as Stoler describes, those who â€Å"ambiguously straddled, crossed, and threatened† the imperial divides. I will look closely at the story of â€Å"metissage† and mention the generation that emerged from it : â€Å"metis† in colonial context at the turn of the century. This will bring us to an overall view of how gender and race intertwined, how racial frontiers are created with respect to sexualities. And how much they mattered†¦ For general Western spectatorship, Vietnam does not exist outside of the war. And she no longer exists since the war has ended, except as a name, an exemplary model of revolution, or a nostalgic cult object for those who, while admiring unconditionally the revolution, do not seem to take any genuine, sustained interest in the troubled reality of Vietnam in her social and cultural autonomy. The more Vietnam is mystified, the more invisible she becomes. (Trinh T. Minh-ha, When the Moon Waxes Red, 100) Sexual Affronts European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia â€Å"The neat boundaries of the colonial rule† were maintained by referring to the distinctions between: * Cultural sensibilities * Physical attributes * Political sentiments How did this story reflect the  "tensions of Empire†? It’s plot was a combination of: * Racial category * Sexual Morality * National identity Locating Sexuality in Empire The cultural contingency of sexuality†¦ †¦appears in colonial contexts 1) Sexuality Race A sexual subculture emerges in the colonial context: Constructions of racial difference, in turn promotes or restricts particular reproductive relationships. Demography, Eugenics and Moral Degeneration are intertwined within the Imperial codes of race and sexuality. Racial hierarchies regulate sexual desire, by encouraging or discouraging it. 2) Invention of private/domestic realm ? public/civil realm Separation of social life into distinct gendered realms implies, first and foremost, that sexuality is associated with the private realm by masking the sexual politics of the colonial institutions. The heterosexual underpinnings of colonial imperial hierarchies and domestic / public spheres are always conscious in the colonial setting. Joane Nagel – Ethno-sexual Frontiers An ethno-sexual double standard: Powers of domination prevent â€Å"our† women from having sex with â€Å"their† men; but our â€Å"men† can have sex with their women without sancion. It is important to note that the Empire itself is sexualised as the penetration and domination of feminized primitive lands and peoples by virile and masculine bodies. â€Å"Concubinage† as one of the new sexual subjectivities Emotional and economic shelter for those on the margins of the normative heterosexuality. Sexuality emerges in the colonial context as a â€Å"weapon of the weak† (Scott 1985). â€Å"Metissage† – a cultural category â€Å"Metissage† is both referred to as â€Å"cultural creolization† and â€Å"cultural cross-breeding†. Metissage is an extension of the word â€Å"metis†, encompassing social, cultural, historical, racial and aesthetic concerns that can not be fully translated into English. â€Å"Metissage under debate† In Stoler’s essay, we are confronted with the fact that such a bonding was an object of political, legal and social debate. It was conceived as†¦ * A threat to White prestige * An embodiment of European degeneration * An indicator of moral decay Metis Metis is translated as â€Å"half-breed† â€Å"half-caste† or mixed blood and carries with it a negative connotation. Discussion of children of mixed parentage the odd one out in an exotic asylum- Emmanuelle Saada, â€Å"Children of The Colonies: The Metis of the French Empire: Citizens or Subjects? † Associate Professor and Director of the Center for French and Francophone Studies Colonial Representations of sexuality in the moving pictures †¦ The 1980s and 1990s The colonial syndrome Colonialism became a topic that was dealt with in many domains, from studies of colonial cultures to research in history and anthropology. Cinema played an important role in this exploration of the colonial past. Those films are the imaginings and refigurings of colonial culture and life and of colonial wars: for Africa, Claire Deniss Chocolat (1988); for Indochina, Jean Jacques Annauds LAmant (1992), Regis Wargniers Indochine (1992). Even though these films do not mean to be truthful renderings of the past, they are presenting images of the former colonies, of life in the contact zone from a Eurocentric point of view. They capture what overseas stood for in the minds of French spectatorstropical, exotic places: the teeming life of the oriental neighborhood of Cholon in LAmant, the haunting beauty of the Bay of Ha Long in Indochine, the wide landscapes of Africa in Chocolat. Pictures of the landscapes of L’amant and Indochine here! They show the French colony as a territory, and as a multiethnic society where French individuals from different classes and regions lived side by side with native populations under rules, established hierarchies and asymmetries designed to privilege the French and to exploit the land and the natives. These films provide concrete examples of what colonization meant the importation of French traditions through the French administration, which organized and ruled different countries of the Empire. The Lover (L’amant) Director : Jean-Jacques Annauds Adaptation of Marguerite Duras 1984 novel. Narrative of The Lover Set in French Indochina in the 1930s, the narrative explores a young French schoolgirls erotic affair in a colonial background. The protagonist is a 15 year-old girl, the daughter of French school teachers who left France to resettle in Indochina in order to better their social status. She is sent to a Saigon boarding school, and on her trip meets Tony Leung; a 32-year old wealthy Indochinese man of Chinese origins. They look at each and they both see a blinding white flash; its kismet. (fate) They meet in his bachelor room where they revel in a wide variety of creative sexual encounters. She comes from a troubled family. Having failed in a land-exploitation scheme, the mother falls into semi-madness. She leaves her children entirely free to do as they wish. It appears that her family would not approve of an interracial tryst. But neither would his father, since in order to inherit his wealth, he must not break from a traditional Chinese arranged marriage. Annaud organizes the screenplay around this interracial relationship, the impossible metissage. The following spot from the Lover will provide for us visual representation of those compicated relations which occured in the colonial context. The Lover, in depth analysis The film is a representation of the socially constructed character of race and the detrimental effects of these classifications had on non-white peoples in the colonies†¦ Metis in Indochina: In Indochina the term applies to persons of French-Vietnamese descent. â€Å"Metisse† or woman of a mixed race always invoked the erotic and the exotic imagination in the French Literature. It is the primitivism that the European appealed to. She is the representation of the â€Å"domesticated primitism†. (the film – young metisse – highly eroticised) To a large extent, the female protagonist functions as the â€Å"exotic† metisse. The director represents her as an â€Å"exotic spectacle† to be gazed, so that the â€Å"female subjectivity† is centralized in the film’s representation. The young Duras is a â€Å"cultural metisse† – she is the ideal metisse, a European but born in the colonies. And she is transformed into an erotic figure. â€Å"Slender wrists and thick black hair† The young Duras’ physical features indicate her belonging to the Indochina geography, and this very resemblance of her to the girls from Indochina makes her Chinese lover feel related to her†¦ This time, the adolescent white European woman is subjected to the male Oriental gaze – typically contrary to the stereotypical colonial gaze†¦ Screening of the exotic â€Å"Other† The use of eroticism and sexual attraction between the races is inscribed in the films screenplay, as well as the fascination for the Other, be it for a geographical or human landscape. The Lover exposes directly the colonial situation from the position of the colonialist. It examines the parameters of an exotic passion between two people from different social and racial backgrounds, but it is limited to the geography of the Cholon bachelors bedroom. Braving the Boundaries†¦ Duras herself braved both French and Chinese cultural taboos by involving in a relationship with a long-time colonial ruler over the Indochinese population. Their romantic affair is an imperial narrative which places (class) exploitation out of the picture. Yet the class difference between the young French girl and the Indochinese/Chinese man is one of the major components of their relationship. At least, it is one by which Duras justifies the relationship: she is the daughter of a deprived colonizer in need of money, and he is the wealthy, educated son of a Chinese merchant. Once this class distinction is established, exploring interracial desire does not lead to rethinking colonial consciousness, but takes the shape of a cinematic tool as sexuality became a power tool†¦ Inter-racial intimacy overshadowed by the colonial ties †¦ The Lover explores the colonial ties between France and Indochina under the primarily erotic and sexual components of a nubile order, leading to a surface exploration of interracial intimacy. The stories conclusion shows the European reabsorption of the colonizer, whereas the native reintegrates the colonial space assigned to him/her. The Chinese lover marries his Chinese bride †¦ The film is much concerned with the characteristics that racial difference bestowed upon the Indochinese, neatly illustrated by his discussion of possible mixed marriages. Maurice Rondet-Saint’s book: Dans notre Empire Jaune (1917), is concerned with the characteristics that racial difference bestowed upon the Indochinese. It seems to be more particularly the individual role of the mother who fails to upbring her children as an ordinary member of the White colonial society. In this sense, those children were exposed to the native culture. Hence, they become less White, polluted by the â€Å"uncivilized†. The profoundly gendered view of the issue of culturally mixed race children is emphasized by Stoler that even fully European children in colonial context were seen â€Å"White but not quite†. Conclusion Mixed-race sexual relations [especially women] posed a threat because they blurred the sharp distinction between citizens and subjects on which the colonial order rested. This film explores the central place of the  «metis problem » in the management of colonial sexuality. Indochina in that context served as a laboratory for the â€Å"metis question†, but it is also an account of a global Empire marked by the persistent challenge of maintaining boundaries between citizen and subject. By exploring the intersection between sexuality, race and class in the colonial context through a cinematographic representation, we hope we have provided with a solid insight on the matters raised by Stoler on Racial Frontiers, Colonial Identities and the place of desire. Extras: Two figures in academia with an insightful touch on the colonial Indochina: 1) Panivong Norindr, in Filmic Memorial and Colonial Blues: Indochina in Contemporary French Cinema in the book Cinema, Colonialism, Postcolonialism. Perspectives from the French and Francophone Worlds. Ed. Dina Sherzer French culture- its love affair with Indochina- resulting in a number of novels and films. He considers three filmsIndochine, LAmant, and Dien Bien Phuin order to examine how they participate in the construction of a collective memory of Indochina. He concludes that these films sustain and reinforce the founding myths of the colonial presence in Indochina. 2) Srilata Ravi, in â€Å"Metis, Metisse and Metissage: Representations and Self-representations† in the book Asia in Europe, Europe in Asia By Farid Alatas (Syed. ), Srilata Ravi, Mario Rutten, Beng-Lan Goh : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Works Cited Nagel, 2000. Ethnicity and Sexuality. Annual Review of Sociology. 26 Pratt, 1992 – Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routhledge Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT. Yale University Press.

Probability of a Large Straight in Yahtzee in One Roll

Probability of a Large Straight in Yahtzee in One Roll Yahtzee is a dice game that uses five standard six-sided dice. On each turn, players are given three rolls to obtain several different objectives. After each roll, a player may decide which of the dice (if any) are to be retained and which are to be rerolled. The objectives include a variety of different kinds of combinations, many of which are taken from poker. Every different kind of combination is worth a different amount of points. Two of the types of combinations that players must roll are called straights: a small straight and a large straight. Like poker straights, these combinations consist of sequential dice. Small straights employ four of the five dice and large straights use all five dice. Due to the randomness of the rolling of dice, probability can be used to analyze how likely it is to roll a large straight in a single roll. Assumptions We assume that the dice used are fair and independent of one another. Thus there is a uniform sample space consisting of all possible rolls of the five dice. Although Yahtzee allows three rolls, for simplicity we will only consider the case that we obtain a large straight in a single roll. Sample Space Since we are working with a uniform sample space, the calculation of our probability becomes a calculation of a couple of counting problems. The probability of a straight is the number of ways to roll a straight, divided by the number of outcomes in the sample space. It is very easy to count the number of outcomes in the sample space. We are rolling five dice and each of these dice can have one of six different outcomes. A basic application of the multiplication principle tells us that the sample space has 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 65 7776 outcomes. This number will be the denominator of all of the fractions that we use for our probabilities. Number of Straights Next, we need to know how many ways there are to roll a large straight. This is more difficult than calculating the size of the sample space. The reason why this is harder is because there is more subtlety in how we count. A large straight is harder to roll than a small straight, but it is easier to count the number of ways of rolling a large straight than the number of ways of rolling a small straight. This type of straight consists of five sequential numbers. Since there are only six different numbers on the dice, there are only two possible large straights: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Now we determine the different number of ways to roll a particular set of dice that give us a straight. For a large straight with the dice {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} we can have the dice in any order. So the following are different ways of rolling the same straight: 1, 2, 3, 4, 55, 4, 3, 2, 11, 3, 5, 2, 4 It would be tedious to list all of the possible ways to get a 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Since we only need to know how many ways there are to do this, we can use some basic counting techniques. We note that all that we are doing is permuting the five dice. There are 5! 120 ways of doing this. Since there are two combinations of dice to make a large straight and 120 ways to roll each of these, there are 2 x 120 240 ways to roll a large straight. Probability Now the probability of rolling a large straight is a simple division calculation. Since there are 240 ways to roll a large straight in a single roll and there are 7776 rolls of five dice possible, the probability of rolling a large straight is 240/7776, which is close to 1/32 and 3.1%. Of course, it is more likely than not that the first roll is not a straight. If this is the case, then we are allowed two more rolls making a straight much more likely. The probability of this is much more complicated to determine because of all of the possible situations that would need to be considered.

Grand Bargain - Details and Explanation

Grand Bargain - Details and Explanation The term grand bargain is used to describe a potential agreement between President Barack Obama and congressional leaders in late 2012 on how to curb spending and reduce the national debt while avoiding steep automatic spending cuts known as sequestration or the fiscal cliff set to take place the following year to some of the most important programs in the United States. The idea of a grand bargain had been around since 2011 but the real potential emerged following the 2012 presidential election, in which voters returned many of the same leaders to Washington, including Obama and some of his fiercest critics in Congress. The looming fiscal crisis combined with a polarized House and Senate provided high drama in the final weeks of 2012 as lawmakers worked to avoid the sequestration cuts. Details of the Grand Bargain The term grand bargain was used because it would be a bipartisan agreement between the Democratic president and Republican leaders in the House of Representatives, who had been gridlocked on policy proposals during his first term in the White House. Among the programs that could be targeted for substantial cuts in a grand bargain are the so-called entitlement programs: Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. Democrats who resisted such cuts would agree to them if Republicans, in return, sign off on higher taxes on certain high-income wage-earners much like the Buffett Rule would have imposed. History of the Grand Bargain The grand bargain on debt reduction first emerged during Obamas first term in the White House. But negotiations over the details of such a plan unraveled in the summer of 2011 and never began in earnest until after the 2012 presidential election. The disagreements in the first round of negotiations reportedly were the insistence by Obama and the Democrats on a certain level of new tax revenue. Republicans, particularly more conservative members of Congress, were said to have vigorously opposed raising taxes beyond a certain amount, reportedly some $800 million worth of new revenue. But following Obamas re-election, House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio appeared to signal a willingness to accept higher taxes in return for cuts to entitlement programs. In order to garner Republican support for new revenues, the President must be willing to reduce spending and shore up the entitlement programs that are the primary drivers of our debt, Boehner told reporters following the election. We’re closer than anyone thinks to the critical mass needed legislatively to get tax reform done. Opposition to the Grand Bargain Many Democrats and liberals expressed skepticism over Boehners offer, and restated their opposition to cuts in Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. They argued that Obamas decisive victory allowed him a certain mandate on maintaining the nations social programs and safety nets. They also claimed the cuts in combination with the expiration of both the Bush-era tax cuts and payroll-tax cuts in 2013 could send the country back into a recession. The liberal economic Paul Krugman, writing in The New York Times, argued that Obama should not easily accept the Republican offer of a new grand bargain: President Obama has to make a decision, almost immediately, about how to deal with continuing Republican obstruction. How far should he go in accommodating the G.O.P.’s demands? My answer is, not far at all. Mr. Obama should hang tough, declaring himself willing, if necessary, to hold his ground even at the cost of letting his opponents inflict damage on a still-shaky economy. And this is definitely no time to negotiate a grand bargain on the budget that snatches defeat from the jaws of victory.

Remedies to Reduce Causes of Unproductive Conflict Essay

Remedies to Reduce Causes of Unproductive Conflict - Essay Example This essay stresses that  the manager of the store, Janice, never delegates responsibilities, and does not communicate policies from the corporate headquarters. There is also an unfair distribution of merit bonuses, which reflects discrimination at the workplace. This indicates poor communication, poor delegation of responsibilities, and unfairness at the workplace which cause high level of conflict at the workplace.  According to the report findings  to reduce the causes of conflict, it is important to delegate responsibilities effectively and given junior managers an opportunity to participate in decision making. This can be achieved by providing supportive infrastructure and power structure. In terms of supportive infrastructure, the company should encourage good budgeting approach, confidentiality, value alignment, top management support, and effective feedback mechanism. The power structure should also be improved to include delegated power, disbursed decision making, and collaborative task performance.  The problem experienced at Main Street Bakeries, store seventy-five is that the top management is not supportive. Janice fails to provide fair bonuses and support at the workplace. The changes made are not communicated, and employees fail to understand the need for such changes.  Supportive infrastructure should be developed to resolve this problem. The upper management should develop values and virtues that guide responsibilities in every organizational level.

Strategic public governance at government level Essay

Strategic public governance at government level - Essay Example It also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the public services sector needs to be addressed, extension of the operations of the state, limitations faced by the Government in order to undertake the state activities. Strategy formulation also helps the Government in deciding about the matters to be addressed on priority basis. There is not any state in the world which has unlimited resources. Therefore the states need to evaluate which projects are important and need investment. The future of a state is very much effected by the strategic decision of the Government of the state. Strategy implementation is the process of preparing the culture, stake holders motivation and resource allocation in order to eke the Government in acquiring the on going benefits for the state. The process is constituted on the implementation of supportive policies, redirecting the Governing bodies and the efforts of related stakeholders, planning the financial issues, alignment of the information system with the information needs of the departments and last but not least provisions of high level of facilities to the population. The strategy implementation stage required several actions to be taken by the Government in order to get the most of it. The successful implementation of a strategy is directly related to the ability of a Government to motivate all the stakeholders in the strategic direction and to develop a state culture to adopt the change and take it into practise. It also demands some crucial steps by the related departments. The responsible bodies should depict different qualities such as discipline, high level of commitment and motivation, leadership and enthusiasm of making things possible. Successful implementation of strategy is very important. This is the most crucial step in the whole process since it involves many factors besides the ability of governing bodies. This includes the adoption of change by all the stakeholders, their commitment levels, and the enthusiasm towards their jobs. Most often the states fail to achieve their desired targets since they fail to implement their strategie s in a successful manner or fail to get support from their employees. The final stage is the strategy evaluation. After the implementation it is important for the managers to test the effectiveness of the strategy. The strategy of a state requires constant updating. With the changing conditions at national and international level it is important for a state to keep its strategy in tact with the changing environment. An out dated strategy cannot fulfil the needs of today's global environment. In order to go through the updating process the states should carry on an audit to analyse which aspect requires improvement. It also specifies what strategy is necessary to support the state operations, the information people use currently and the gaps in these functions and the goals. Most managers fail to analyse the current situation of their business and lack a sense of intuition and forecasting. Often it is also a draw back that the strategy of some states neglects the change in the

Assessment Sheet Essay Example for Free

Assessment Sheet Essay Sheet What are three key things you learned about the Dark Ages in this lesson? Please be sure to include at least two complete sentences for each one. In Norman settlements, Lords controlled the villages as well as ruling and governing their land. Lords were oftentimes knights and served the king Norman settlements were surrounded by a wall that encompassed the lord’s house, and the rest of the village and the lord’s house usually had yet another wall. The village usually contained a stockpile of food, a well, and weapons. The idea is that they would have everything that they needed to survive within the walls, in case of an attack. Old English resembles modern English, but not very closely. One must remember that old English was only a component of the languages that formed together to make modern English. Latin, Celtic and German were blended together and reformed over time to make today’s English. Christianity wasn’t always the main religion of ancient Britain. It only became truly popular and dominant after the romans had been ran out of Britain and the Germanic tribes formed together to make the Anglo-Saxons. Explain two things that you would still like to know about the development of Old English. Please be sure to include at least one complete sentence for each one. I would like to learn more about the Modern English words that show roots in German Latin and Celtic. I would enjoy studying which language our grammar is based off of, and how we mixed certain rules in grammar from different languages. In one paragraph, describe how the language of English evolved during the Dark Ages. What were the influences that changed it over the years? Which ethnic backgrounds were involved in this evolution? Please write at least four sentences for this response. Old English gets its roots from the Celtic language that was spoken in ancient England. The romans invaded, and sent the Celtic population north and into Ireland. The clashes with the romans brought a little Latin into the language. When the Germanic tribes invaded the language also adopted a little German and the mix was known as Old English.

Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Global Climate Change

Global Warming Global Warming, aside from pollution is one of scientists biggest concerns. Global Warming is caused by the Greenhouse effect. There are 4 steps in the Greenhouse effect process. The first is, sunlight radiates from the sun, through space, to the Earth’s atmosphere. The second is, sunlight enters the atmosphere and hits the Earth. Some of that sunlight turns into heat energy in the form of infrared light. Surrounding air and land, which in turn makes the heat warm, absorbs the heat. Third, the greenhouse gases trap infrared rays that is remitted into the atmosphere. Finally, the gas then absorbs the light and is remitted back to the Earth’s surface and warms it even more. Another cause of Global Warming is the emissions of greenhouse gases due to the increase in technology that humans have developed. One recent study by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) said that unless governments do something to restrict the emissions of greenhouse gases to a lower level, global temperatures could rise 1.6 to 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100. This would represent the fastest rate of global warming since the end of the last ice age more than 10,000 years ago. With the increased warming of the Earth it could lead to catastrophic events that could endanger living species on our planet. One event is major drought all around the world. With the warming of the planet, the water on the ground would quickly evaporate causing the rivers and lakes to qui...

Care of a Dying Patient

My own perceptions about quality of life and health promotion might affect my care for a dying patient with a lingering illness such as cancer because the patient and I may have a different definition or outlook on what quality of life means. To me this would mean making the best of what little time the patient has left to live. Most importantly is to keep the patient comfortable which may include positioning the patient in bed, giving a gentle massage and administering pain medications if necessary. It is also very important to provide the patient and the family with emotional support.It seems as Mrs. Thomas’s children are somewhat distant at her time of need because they are upset about her condition and probably in denial because they know what her outcome will be. It would play a very crucial part in improving the quality of life for Mrs. Thomas if her children and their families would come to visit her in person. I know that this will be difficult for the children to see their mother suffering but her family should play an important role in emotional support. I think a visit from her children and their families would really uplift her spirits.Mrs. Thomas does not want take any pain medication because she does not want to become addicted to it but it should be explained to Mrs. Thomas that since she is truly in pain she will not become addicted to it. By Mrs. Thomas taking the pain medication it would not only help control her pain but it would also make Mr. Thomas feel more at ease knowing that she is comfortable and not suffering. Mr. Thomas is depressed because of Mrs. Thomas’s condition and he is not managing it very well and this is making Mrs. Thomas very sad.I think that getting a behavioral health specialist involved and providing the family with counseling with also improve the quality of life for Mrs. Thomas. I think that it would put Mrs. Thomas’s mind at ease knowing that Mr. Thomas is dealing with his depression professiona lly. Talking about their feelings to a professional with also help both of them better understand and cope with Mrs. Thomas’s condition. According to American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA), holistic nursing is an â€Å"all nursing practice that has healing the whole person as its goal. A holistic nurse will not simply attempt to treat the physical symptoms of a disease or condition, but will consider the totality of the person being treated: mental, emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, relational, contextual and environmental aspects. Treating Mrs. Thomas holistically may not only help Mrs. Thomas but Mr. Thomas as well. As the community health nurse I would allow for Mr. Thomas to assist with Mrs. Thomas’s care when he is able to. At an institution where I once worked at offered â€Å"healing touch. During this time of healing touch the room would be made rather dark for calmness and comfort and soft calming music would be played. This is what I would recomm end starting with under my holistic care with Mrs. Thomas and Mr. Thomas may be present as well. During this time a light massage may also be preformed to assist with comforting Mrs. Thomas and hopefully assist with managing her pain. A way to assist Mrs. Thomas to optimize her functional ability would be to use range of motion (ROM) on her, which is when the nurse would mildly exercise her joints to minimize stiffness and Mr.Thomas may be taught how do range of motion as well. If Mrs. Thomas is not strong enough to walk to the bathroom I can assist in getting a bedside commode delivered to her home. I can also teach her how to transfer herself safely to the commode if she is strong enough or if she is unable to transfer herself I can also teach Mr. Thomas how to safely transfer herself and I could assist as well. As the community health nurse I could assist Mrs. Thomas with everyday care such as feeding, bathing and dressing herself. I would allow Mrs.Thomas to do as much as she ca n for herself. During the bed bath is a great time to apply lotion to her back and extremities and apply a gentle massage for comfort. I could also assist Mrs. Thomas with turning and positioning her in bed every 2 hours for comfort and to prevent skin breakdown. Mr. Thomas and I could assist her to complete feeding, bathing and dressing herself if she is unable to. Allowing her to perform as much tasks as she is able to will optimize her functional ability. According to Higuera, chronic depression can affect every aspect of a person’s life.The symptoms vary, but people with chronic depression often feel intense sadness and hopelessness. They have a negative outlook on life. As the community health nurse I could assist Mr. Thomas with his chronic depression by assisting him with getting in touch with a behavioral health specialist for one on one counseling. I could also assist Mr. Thomas with coming up with a medication plan that would work for him so that he can take his dep ression medications on a regular basis and hopefully not forget. I could also sit with Mr. Thomas and we could do some quiet relaxing breathing exercises together.I would also convince Mr. Thomas to take short and relaxing walks to clear his mind. I could also assist Mr. Thomas with checking with his employer to see if he could be relieved of some of his duties temporarily or take some time off from work. Although taking some time off from work may put a financial burden on their family but is may be best mentally and physically for both Mr. and Mrs. Thomas. One Mr. Thomas’s depression is managed appropriately then he can spend some quality time with Mrs. Thomas and enjoy just enjoy each other’s company.

An Analysis of Julia Alvarez’s Poem, “Touching Bottom” Essay

In the poem’s first stanza, Alvarez says, â€Å"Sometimes the best advice comes randomly†Ã¢â‚¬â€but without intent, how can it be advice? Perhaps good advice consists simply of one’s own ideas, rendered into words by another and recognized by the self as something true. If we go by this definition, then the random pieces of advice are, indeed, good advice. She is thus saying that some of the best â€Å"advice† is recognized by the self and in the self, and not merely received from others. Such advice is possibly worth more than any intentional directive, because the meaning of the advice is something that one makes for oneself. Alvarez implies that good advice is abundant, but requires some recognizing—which is what she does. To be able to give good advice, a person must think like the recipient of the advice, and who better to think like the recipient than the recipient herself? Alvarez creates remarkable associations in her mind between randomly heard directives and the troubles of her life; she is actually both the giver and the receiver of the random â€Å"advice†, and whoever (or whatever) â€Å"gave† her the advice only has an intermediary role. These random pieces of advice are nothing like what we usually conceive advice to be, but are simply reminders of things that she already knew. Thus these random pieces of advice that she recognizes are essentially advice that she gives to herself. In the second stanza, Alvarez talks of the power of these random bits of wisdom. She realizes that â€Å"a minotaur of your own making†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, self-imposed limitations—puts the mind into a certain degree of paralysis, and that randomly received advice, in their simplicity, have the power to awaken an awareness of truisms deeply buried in the subconscious. Alvarez in essence, is talking about the â€Å"shock of recognition† that she experiences when she hears these random bits of meaning. It takes these to remind her of her own good ideas that she may have unintentionally discarded into the â€Å"dark labyrinth† of her mind. Additionally, Alvarez implicitly contrasts her random bits of â€Å"advice† with true advice intentionally given by others—too often, such advice is derived from the experiences of the giver and not the receiver. The poem, because of its focus on â€Å"accidental† advice, reminds us of the tendency of people to ignore intentionally given advice, no matter how good, because advice is usually given based on the perceived needs of the recipient; although these needs are often misidentified. This contrasts with her accidental bits of advice, which by their very nature are good and well received. The random advice that Alvarez hears makes her capable of   â€Å"touching bottom.† Although â€Å"touching bottom† in general usage has the negative meaning of reaching the lowest point of something (such as when a company goes bankrupt), what she means by having â€Å"touched bottom in my life† is that she realized and recognized the basic and most important aspects of her life. The examples that she gives of these bits of advice, such as â€Å"Please hold through the silence† (which she is able to connect to her problem of writer’s block) are of secondary importance, serving only to illustrate and strengthen the poem’s main point, which is that one needs only to look into the self to find wisdom.

What difference does knowledge of the Argonautica Essays

What difference does knowledge of the Argonautica Essays What difference does knowledge of the Argonautica Essay What difference does knowledge of the Argonautica Essay the fable of Jason and his Argonauts was one rooted in antiquity. The Argonaut fable is referenced in both theOdysseyand theIliad[ 3 ] ; it is apparent that the myth exerted a considerable literary influence for several hundred old ages prior to the authorship of Apollonius [ 4 ] , an influence that peculiarly continued with regard to the coevals of Hellenistic authors of which he was a portion ( 323 BC to 31 BC ) . Apollonius lived and wrote in the metropolis of Alexandria during its most dynamic and culturally centred period. Art, scientific discipline and assorted scholarly chases were encouraged in the booming metropolis. The rational pulsation of Alexandria was directed by its fantastic library, a installation said to possess over 200,000 axial rotations of paperss. [ 5 ] TheArgonautica A drawn-out scrutiny of the narration of theArgonauticais unneeded for the intents of this paper ; a brief sum-up will help in following the analytical points made farther in this reappraisal. TheArgonauticais founded on a well known narrative from Grecian mythology. The full heroic poem has a figure of distinguishable constituents. It is testament to the presumed acquaintance of the myth with his intended audience that Apollonius maintains a really brief debut to his heroic poem ; Apollonius must be assumed to hold understood that a drawn-out thesis about the beginnings of Jason and his pursuit for the Golden Fleece were unneeded for his audience [ 6 ] . The first part of the Argonautica describes the beginnings of the Golden Fleece from the random-access memory of Helle and Praxius. Zeus finally took charge of the Fleece and placed the Fleece under the guard of a firedrake. Mugwump of the actions taken in relation to the Golden Fleece, King Pelias of Iolcus heeds a warning made by an prophet that he must mind the reaching of a adult male have oning one sandal. Jason’s reaching before Pelias appeared to carry through the prophesy and Pelias manoeuvred Jason into the premise of a pursuit to seek the Golden Fleece. Apollonius intervention of the myth of Jason and the Argonauts – a drumhead Apollonius takes the ancient Argonaut myth and expands it to encompass a figure of wide subjects that are developed in the class of the ocean trip of Jason and his crew. The cardinal subjects in this respect are: love ( of which the actions described in the narrative refering the island of Lemnos is a outstanding illustration ) the over arced impression of the quest making friendly relationships and contrasting illustrations of the maltreatment and misdemeanor of friendly relationship the regard and related fright of Zeus and the lesser Gods, tempered by illustrations of humanity among the Gods ( noted below ) the apparently random nature of the events that affected Jason and his crew throughout their ocean trip Against these wide and of all time present subjects Apollonius draws his heroic poem hero, Jason. The mode in which Jason is portrayed through the class of theArgonauticais deeply of import to any comrade reading of theAeneid. In Jason, Apollonius renders a character that would be recognised in modern literature as ananti-heroor protagonist every bit much as they would be identified as a classical hero ; Jason is likely one of the first literary creative activities in known history to be developed in such a manner. The mode in which Jason is depicted throughout the Argonautica resonates in the ulterior creative activity of Vergil’s Aeneas. Jason may de defined in modern footings as an anti-hero through a close scrutiny of his personality and his behavior. He begins the ocean trip with the Argonauts in a place of undoubted leading. He is shortly revealed as the antithesis to the resolute epic leader ; at assorted points his leading boundary lines on the drifting and the ineffective. At other occasions in the ocean trip he is accused of cowardliness. Jason and his assorted romantic relationships including those on the island of Lemnos support a decision that Jason was flawed in his moral mentality. He appears at a figure of points in the narrative to be both down ( such as his reaching at Colchis, as he prepared to retrieve the Golden Fleece ) and spiritually isolated from his crew. [ 7 ] There are few modern-day comparings to the mode in which Apollonius portrays Jason. The traditional Greek literary hero to that clip had been an incarnation of many superior virtuousnesss. In heroic poems written prior to theArgonautica, the hero was constantly a tall, good formed adult male of baronial bearing and demeanor. Such characters were a popular stereotype – the athletic and brave leader of work forces that was closer to god than mortal, a vanquisher of every challenge they of all time faced. An grasp of Jason as a classical precursor to the anti-hero theoretical account aids in the development of a comrade apprehension of theAeneid. Aeneas is a epic character who is besides flawed and one whom Vergil wishes his audience to accept as obviously human. Another going from the earlier authoritative illustrations of the heroic poem manner was the mode in which the Gods were portrayed in theArgonautica. The over siting respect for the powers of the Gods who involved themselves at any clip with the mortal universe in theArgonauticawas one of fright, but at assorted times Apollonius imbues the Gods with plainly human and less awful features. A compelling illustration of this touch of mortality in the Gods was the attempt made by Athena and Hera to seek out the goddess Aphrodite to set up for Medea to fall in love with Jason. [ 8 ] Academic observers have characterized the word picture of the scheming of theseArgonauticaimmortals, in contrast to the reverent intervention of the Gods by Homer, as a puting similar in its tone to one that Apollonius might hold described if he were detecting a group of ladies in waiting at an 18th century European royal family. [ 9 ] Important literary characteristics of theArgonautica A unequivocal listing of every illustration of the literary devices and techniques that set apart theArgonauticafrom what had passed before in the history of Grecian literature, with a corresponding recitation of how each bears an of import relationship to theAeneid, would probably function to render the chief points of this analysis excessively diffuse. However, a figure of illustrations may be highlighted to exemplify how Vergil used assorted characteristics from theArgonauticato to the full develop the Aeneid [ 10 ] . These characteristics include: ( I ) the focal point of Apollonius upon erotism ( two ) the fluctuation in the tone and the usage of the first individual remarkable employed at points throughout the work ( three ) the usage of allusion aiton, the usage of a brief account incorporated into the flow of the narrative sing a peculiar facet of the larger narrative and narrative assorted pragmatism techniques the sense of purpose present in each hero ; both Jason and Aeneas are end driven and for the most portion absorbed in their several pursuits Defects of theArgonauticathat impact upon its consideration sing the Aeneid As obliging a rendition of the ancient Grecian myths as theArgonauticaconveys, the Apollonius heroic poem has been subjected to important unfavorable judgment both with regard to its content and its building. These critical observations possibly summarized as follows: TheArgonauticais an imbalanced work that lacks all right building ; events are sometimes described in one transition and the undermentioned narrative transition apparently unfolds in a distant topographic point, ensuing in spreads in the narrative [ 11 ] TheArgonauticais a narrative that unfolds over a series of long narrative transitions that describe episodes that are non ever neatly connected to one another in the true heroic poem manner [ 12 ] TheArgonauticaand Vergil in a historical context Born in 70 BC, Vergil wrote the Aeneid in the wake of the most disruptive period of Roman history to that clip. In the old ages taking up to the creative activity and the completion of the Aeneid, the Roman province had sustained the civil war of Caesar versus Pompey, and the results of the conflicts of Philippi and Actium ( 31 BC ) . There is no inquiry that by clip of theAeneid, theArgonauticawas a well regarded and widely available beginning of both inspiration and text stuff for Vergil. With mention to theArgonauticawritten over 200 old ages earlier, theAeneidinvokes three distinguishable modern-day literary traditions, viz. : the intended public usage of the work ; the heroic poem was created as a public statement the mythology of the long and involved heroic poem the dry tradition of the heroic poems of the Alexandrian period ( including theArgonautica) [ 13 ] While he draws upon a different and Trojan centred mythology, Vergil like Apollonius reaches deep into his available recorded history to show theAeneid. Aeneas had foremost been described as a epic figure in the earlier Grecian plants in the 5th century BC. Important manner and content similarities between theArgonauticaand theAeneid There are legion scholarly interventions of theArgonauticaand theAeneidthat circumstantially analyse each work for similarities. A figure of of import general relationships must be understood to appreciate the influence of theArgonauticaupon Vergil [ 14 ] . Like Apollonius, Vergil is non a slave to literary convention. The usage of the explanatoryaitonis an illustration common to both. In general footings, each heroic poem succeeds in avoiding predictable and formulistic narrative relation. Each author had exposure to profound and immediate cultural influences. For Vergil, it was the late ended series of civil wars. Apollonius wrote in the influential domain of Callimachus, librarian and custodian of the great library of Alexander. Both heroic poems are uncomplete ; theArgonauticaterminals at the 8th book of the heroic poem and the narration is clearly capable of being extended. TheAeneidhas gaps in its construction that confirm that it was non finished at the clip of Vergil’s decease. Each of the heroic poem heroes is directed to fulfill a end ( the pursuit for the Golden Fleece, the conflict to make Italy and set up domination over the state ) Although the several narrations are non complete or are otherwise missing from a literary position, both heroic poems convey a sense of completeness on the several parts of their heroes ; each accomplishes the aim that they were tasked to seek throughout the narrative. At assorted points in both theAeneidand theArgonautica, the reader can clearly feel the rules of rapprochement, peace and forgiveness that transpire as a portion of the securing of the larger nonsubjective [ 15 ] . The relationship between Jason and Medea as depicted by Apollonius is reworked into the Aeneid in the signifier of the love affair between Aeneas and Queen Dido. While Vergil alters the nature of the love matter, the sense of what transpired on the island of Lemnos is revived in theAeneid. Decision As noted in the Introduction, cognition of theArgonauticais non indispensable to the reading of theAeneid. It is suggested that the powerful linkages between the two plants, in affairs of historical mentions, literary construction and the portraiture of its heroes that theArgonauticais a extremely desirable requirement survey to procure an optimum apprehension of theAeneid. The relationship between the two plants is non symbiotic but one where theArgonauticaexerts significance influence upon the ulterior work [ 16 ] . One may reason that Homer continued to exercise a greater influence upon Vergil than did Apollonius. Such would be the topic for a ulterior paper. Bibliography Beye, C.R. and John Gardner,Epic and Romance in the Argonautica of Apollonius. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982 Beye, C.R. Vergil and Apollonius. In: Christine Perkell.Reading Vergil s Aeneid: An Interpretive Guide.1999 Beye, C.R.Ancient Epic Poetry: Homer, Apollonius, Virgil. 1993 Boardman, J. et Al ( ed. )Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World Oxford, 1991 Knox, Bernard ( ed. )Norton Anthology of Classic LiteratureNew York: 1993 Nelis, D.P.Vergil s Aeneid and the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius. Leeds: Francis Cairns, 2001 Putnam, MichaelC. J. Virgil s Aeneid: Interpretation and Influence. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. Rhodius, ApolloniusJason and the Golden Fleece: The Argonautica.Translated by Richard A. Hunter. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Toohey, Peter. Reading Epic poem: An Introduction to the Ancient Narratives. New York: Routledge, 1992 Wallace, Andrew. Placement, Gender, and Pedagogy: Virgil s Fourth Georgic in Print. Renaissance Quarterly 56.2 ( 2003 ) : 377 1

Adding Commas to a Paragraph

Adding Commas to a Paragraph This exercise offers practice in applying the rules for using commas effectively. Before attempting the exercise, you may find it helpful to review this article on comma usage. In the following paragraph, insert commas wherever you think they belong. (Try reading the paragraph aloud: at least in some cases, you should be able to hear where commas are needed.) When you are done, compare your work with the correctly punctuated version of the paragraph on page two. The Least Successful Car In 1957 Ford produced the car of the decadethe Edsel. Half of the models sold proved to be spectacularly defective. If lucky the proud owner of an Edsel could enjoy any or all of the following features: doors that wouldnt close hoods and trunks that wouldnt open batteries that went dead horns that stuck hubcaps that dropped off paint that peeled transmissions that seized up brakes that failed and push buttons that couldnt be pushed even with three people trying. In a stroke of marketing genius the Edsel one of the largest and most lavish cars ever built coincided with the rising public interest in economy cars. As Time magazine reported It was a classic case of the wrong car for the wrong market at the wrong time. Never popular to begin with the Edsel quickly became a national joke. One business writer at the time likened the cars sales graph to an extremely dangerous ski slope. He added that so far as he knew there was only one case of an Edsel ever being stolen. When you are done, compare your work with the correctly punctuated version of the paragraph below The Least Successful Car (Paragraph With Commas Restored) In 1957[,]  Ford produced the car of the decadethe Edsel. Half of the models sold proved to be spectacularly defective. If lucky[,]  the proud owner of an Edsel could enjoy any or all of the following features: doors that wouldnt close[,]  hoods and trunks that wouldnt open[,]  batteries that went dead[,]  horns that stuck[,]  hubcaps that dropped off[,]  paint that peeled[,]  transmissions that seized up[,]  brakes that failed[,]  and push buttons that couldnt be pushed even with three people trying. In a stroke of marketing genius[,]  the Edsel[,]  one of the largest and most lavish cars ever built[,]  coincided with the rising public interest in economy cars. As  Time  magazine reported[,]  It was a classic case of the wrong car for the wrong market at the wrong time. Never popular to begin with[,]  the Edsel quickly became a national joke. One business writer at the time likened the cars sales graph to an extremely dangerous ski slope. He added t hat so far as he knew there was only one case of an Edsel ever being stolen.

Legal foundations in business and the discovery of limited liability Assignment

Legal foundations in business and the discovery of limited liability company - Assignment Example As such, the concept of LLC has since prompted several states and countries to adopt legal provisions and control statues that would pave way for active business investments in otherwise risky ventures that individuals could not ordinarily undertake single handed. The main focus of this discovery revolves around the ideals of protection accorded to members of the LLC in their corporate investment endeavours, especially with borrowed capital. With that in mind, this paper examines the significance of the aforesaid quote of Nicholas Murray with reference to relevant case law and legislative provisions. In particular, the paper looks at how private law exerts legal control on business entities. Besides, the essay examines a variety of legal structures that LLCs adopt in reality to support their business interest in pursuit of profitable ventures that are typically risky and capital intensive. The paper concludes with an epigrammatic analysis of the extent of liability that the LLC or it s members may owe indirect investors like banks, other creditors and customers and victims of tortuous acts of the LLC members. Limited Liability Company According to Grossman (1995, p.63), a limited liability company commonly denoted as LLC refers to a legally incorporated business entity with an infinite number of members enjoying protection of liability to the extent of their investment contribution in the business. Technically, an LLC is not a corporate entity per se but a type of unincorporated association that enjoys limited liability. In practice and legal context, LLC has a definite lifetime upon which the business must dissolve on expiry of the stipulated period (Dmitry & Plekhanov 2008, p.18). In terms of structural formation, a limited liability company may also be defined as a business entity that replicates certain features of a company and partnership. As a corporation, the LLC is characterised by limited liability. Whereas the business is more flexible than a typical corporation, a limited liability company possess that the partnership component of pass-through income taxation modalities as reiterated by Hannigan (2003, p.79). Although all its members enjoy limited liability, an individual member of a limited liability company may personally be held responsible for tortuous acts committed by him or by agents specifically under his direct supervision (Lobban 1996, p.401). Of course, this provision is only applicable for torts committed in the normal course of duty and for activities directly related to the business of the LLC. If follows therefore that the law shall protect other members from the liabilities of the responsible individual member or members, whichever is applicable. In even that significant liability has arisen in lieu of the LLC activities, the entity may be subjected to the theory of piercing the corporate veil (Keatinge et al. 1992, p.377). This is however less common when dealing with LLC as opposed to classic corporations due to the fact that limited liability companies do not have several complex formalities to observe. Nevertheless, an LLC may not circumvent the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil when its members had initially commingled their capital in the risky venture for which liability has risen (Halpern et al. 1980, p.122). Depending on the context of its operating agreement, the charging order mechanism