Franco and Fascist Spain - 3113 Words

The long term misunderstanding and simplification of RIGHT vs. LEFT terminology in political discourse is responsible for the misconception that â€Å"The RIGHT† with its emphasis on traditional, nationalistic, conservative or religious values is inevitably a step in the direction of the FAR RIGHT ending in Fascism. Yet history has demonstrated that both political extremes share a basic common appeal to the â€Å"masses† and depend on a collectivist ideology that glorifies abstractions such as The Nation, The People, The Throne or The Working Class. On the eve of World War II, various so called â€Å"Right Wing† authoritarian regimes of the conservative, traditional, national and religious type (always considered by the Left to be†¦show more content†¦Many conservative supporters of the church, military and monarchy were concerned as much by the leader of the Falange, Jose Antonio, (always referred to by his admirers and followers by his first names only) as by the Marxists and their myriad anarchist and socialist parties. The moderate conservative right, monarchist and centrist parties that opposed the Leftist â€Å"Popular Front† in the elections in 1936 refused to enter into an electoral alliance with the Falange which stood isolated. Jose Antonio had stepped on too many toes by his justifiable criticism of scandal and corruption among parties of all shades. His calls for social justice for the Spanish working class, small farmers and agricultural workers led to charges by the Catholic and conservative Right Wing Press that he was a â€Å"Bolshevik† to which he responded that all those wealthy Spaniards who valued luxuries and their petty whims more than the hunger of the people were the real Bolsheviks –â€Å"the Bolshevism of the Privileged† and added oil to the fire by proclaiming In the depths of our souls there vibrates a sympathy toward many people of the Left who have arrived at hatred by the same path which has led us to love – criticism of a sad mediocre, miserable and melancholy Spain.† Mussolini had been a Socialist in his youth and shown anti-Catholic sentiments during the first ten years of Fascist rule. Similarly in Spain, the Catholic Church was suspicious of the Falange and its streetShow MoreRelated Francisco Franco Essay examples872 Words   |  4 Pages Francisco Franco Francisco Franco was the dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975, including the time of WW2. Perhaps he was better known as â€Å"El Caudillo,† translated into English as The Leader. He was born and raised in Spain. He was a very brilliant military general who led Nationalist rebels in defeating the Spanish government during the Spanish Civil War. Although he was viewed as a Fascist Dictator, he strongly opposed communism. He was an extremely important figure in the course of world historyRead MoreSpanish Civil War: The Struggle Between Fascism and Communism 1431 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral Francisco Franco on the 17 July 1936 and ended with Franco’s victory on the 1 April, 1939. This victory resulted in the replacement of the Second Spanish Republic with the conservative dictatorship of Franco. This conflict triggered the clash of the various cultures and ideologies within Spain. One important example of an ideological clash was that of Communism versus Fascism . This clash was so important that, based on an analysis of the level of involvement of Fascist and Communist factionsRead MoreEvaluate the Importance of Foreign Intervention in the Spanish Civil War1028 Words   |  5 PagesIntervention in the Spanish Civil War Alex Reilly The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was very heavily influenced by foreign intervention. Communists, fascists and anti-fascists outside of Spain viewed the conflict between the Republicans and Nationalists in Spain as a decisive point in influencing politics in Europe. As a result of this, the fascist states of Germany and Italy sided with Franco’s nationalists, providing troops, tanks, aircraft and weapons. On the Republican side, help was receivedRead MoreFrancisco Franco Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesFrancisco Franco was a general and authoritarian leader, who governed Spain from 1939 to 1975. He came to power shortly after the start of the Spanish Civil War. In that war, he led the rebel Nationalist Army to victory over the Loyalist forces. After the war ended in 1939, Franco held complete control of Spain. His regime was similar to a Fascist dictatorship. He carried out the functions of chief of state, prime minister, commander in chief, and leader of the Falange, the only permitted politicalRead MoreThe Dictatorship Of A Fascist Regime Essay1918 Words   |  8 PagesGeneralissimo Francisco Franco came into power after his victory in the Civil war in 1939 and ruled over Spain till his death in 1975. In this 40-year period Spain was massive changed that causes much debate as to the political nature of Franco’s regime whether it is fascist or something different, Francoism. To understand if Franco’s regime was fascist, fascism must first be defined. There are many working definitions of a fascist regime, Stanley Payne’s states that the dictator must alien his regimeRead MoreHow Similar Were the Dictatorships of Primo de Rivera and Franco?1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and Francisco Franco had many similarities as well as many differences. The way they intended to lead Spain shows how they would employ similar strategies as well as different ones. I will discuss their intentions of how t hey thought was the best way to fix a broken Spain, the way they treated the working class, their tactic to improve economy, fascism, the use of military in their regime and the roles of women in their society. Firstly, it was arguedRead MoreThe Battle Of The Spanish Civil War859 Words   |  4 PagesIt’s safe to say that, even if someone claims to know little to nothing about Spain’s history, the names Franco, Hitler, and Mussolini ring a bell in their mind. Simply being able to recognize these names proves some knowledge on the subject of the Spanish Civil War, lasting from 1936 to 1939. For those who are unsure as to what qualifies as a civil war, dictionary.com defines it as, â€Å"a war between parties, factions, or inhabitants of different regions within the same nation†. In the case of theRead MoreFrancisco Franco, the Ultimate Fascist Dictator?1978 Words   |  8 Pagessingle-party dictatorship. Fascist dictators maintain authority through strict socioeconomic controls, suppression of the masses through censorship and terrorism, and policies of aggressive nationalism and racism (â€Å"Fascism†). Francisco Franco first implemented this government poli cy in Spain after witnessing its achievements in Germany and Italy. Franco’s strong nationalistic and military upbringing was the basis for his fascist dictatorship. What made Franco the â€Å"ultimate fascist dictator† was the factRead MorePans Labyrinth Setting1189 Words   |  5 Pagesunderlying context into serious consideration The external setting of this work consisted of 3 element: time, place and social environment. In 2006, the movie was filmed in a Scots Pine forest situated in the Guadarrama mountain range, Central Spain by the talented Mexican director Guillermo del Toro. The idea for Pans Labyrinth came from Guillermo del Toros notebooks, which he says are filled with doodles, ideas, drawings and plot bits which had been kept for twenty years. There are a lotRead MoreConflicting Opinions Over the Popular Front Government in Spanish Morocco1058 Words   |  4 Pagesenough, the planning for a military uprising continued. When the military coup failed to gain control of the entire country, the civil war started between the Nationalists and the Republicans. The Nationalists received aid from Italy ( at the time, fascist and under the control of *******) and from the Nazi Germany. The Republicans, however, received aid from the Soviet Union and from the International Brigades (composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States). The war was the result of

Contract of Documents between Macbeth and Noddy Bank Free Essays

The contract for sale which Macbeth had entered with Weetocrunch Ltd is a separate contract with that of the contract entered with the banks with regards to the documentary credits. For the purposes of this question, we are only dealing with the contract of the documents between Macbeth and the confirming bank, Noddy Bank. Noddy bank had been authorized in this case by the issuing bank, Toytown Bank to pay the beneficiary, also known as the seller, Macbeth for the goods he had shipped to Weetocrunch. We will write a custom essay sample on Contract of Documents between Macbeth and Noddy Bank or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is only upon presentation by Macbeth of valid documents that complies with the terms and requirements stated in the Letter of credit that had been opened by Toytown Bank on behalf of Weetocrunch, that he can receive his payment. As it is the letter of credit acts as some form of safeguard for seller that he will receive his payment as once the bank opens the letter of credit, they are under a contractual obligation to pay the seller upon presentation of complying documents. In this case, it can be seen that the documents presented by Macbeth had been ejected twice by the bank, first on the grounds that the documents are not original and secondly where the description of the goods in the bill of lading differs. For that we refer to the body known as Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) which governs the practice of documentary credit. It should be noted that the law construed by UCP must be incorporated into the contract by the parties for it to have legal effect. However, even if it is not incorporated, the courts are likely to view it as impliedly incorporated as it has gained igh level of acceptance among international bankers. Therefore, assuming that IJCP applies in this case, the documents involved are bound by the UCP articles. Under UCP 600, article 15, the bank that is presented with documents have to ensure that they comply with the terms of the credit and if the document complies, they have to pay and under IJCP 500 article 13(a), the bank is to examine the documents with reasonable care to ascertain whether they appear on the face to be in compliance with the requirement of the credit. If the documents are however not in ompliance, the bank under UCP 600 article 14(b) reserves the right to reject them. It is therefore establish here that the bank do have a right to reject documents. In this case then, the two issues to be dealt with are (1) whether the bank had the right to reject the photocopied custom certificate and (2)whether the bank had the right to reject the bill of lading because of the description error. Issue 1: UCP 600, Article 17(b) states that there should at least be one original of each stipulated document be tendered to the bank and it shall be treated as original it it ore an original signature, mark, stamp or label of the issuer of the document unless the document indicates it is not original and under 17(c), a bank shall also accept a document as original if it appears so be written, typed or stamped by the document issuer’s hand, or by the document issuer’s original stationary or states that it is original. In this case, it is not stated whether the document had any kind of markings of whether it was indicated as original on it, it was merely stated that it was a photocopied version that was rejected. Assuming that there were no markings as uch, then It could be inferred that the rejection was Justified following the case of Glencore International AG v Bank of China where the documents were rejected because the photocopies were not marked as original. In that case, it was also stated that a signature on photocopied piece does not make it an original but merely an authenticated copy. However, following the case of Credit Industriel et Commercial v China Merchants Bank, it was held that for obvious original documents, they need not be marked and for photocopied documents where there is a stamp of the upplier’s name, address and telephone no. with an ink signature, the court accepted it as original even though it was not stamped ‘original’. Therefore if there were such markings found on the photocopied custom certificate and the bank had rejected it, the bank may be liable for wrongly rejecting the documents. Issue 2: As mentioned earlier, the bank have to put up with strict compliance when handling documents presented by the beneficiaries. They have to ensure that the documents meets the necessary terms and conditions stated in the letter of credit and as once emarked by Viscount Sumner in Equitable Trust Co of New York v Dawson Partners Ltd, there is no room for documents which are almost the same, or which will do Just as well. In Seaconsar Far East Ltd v Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran, the letter of credit stipulated that all the documents presented must bear LC number and the buyer’s name. When one of the document failed to have the LC no. on it, the bank rejected it and the court found that its action was Justified. Similarly, in JH Rayner Co Ltd, Hambro’s Bank Ltd, the credit stipulated â€Å"C oromandel Groundnuts† but the eller presented a bill of lading that states â€Å"Machine-shelled groundnuts. Though it had been known for these terms to be used interchangeable, the court found that the bank had the right to reject the documents. By following this case itself, we might be able to infer that the bank was right in rejecting the documents when the bill of lading states ‘Eastern Wheat’ instead of ‘Ruritanian wheat’and that fact that it is well known in the wheat trade that the wheat are identical will not matter. However, Macbeth may still have a chance if they are able to prove that the error was ne of trivial discrepancy. As stated under IJCP 600 article 30(b), the IJCP do allow certain discrepancies. However, what is meant by trivial is unclear. In Glencore International AG v Bank of China, the word branch which was used instead of brand was tound to be merely an error whereas the court was not as generous in Beyene v Irving Trust Co. , where the bill of lading which had misspelled Mohammed Soran instead of Mohammed Sofan was rejected. It is therefore not certain whether Macbeth will be able to reply on this but chances are it appears to be very slim. b) As explained in question (a), the bank will have to put up with strict compliance when handling with the documents presented by the beneficiaries and they reserve the right to reject the documents when following their own Judgment and feels that it does not comply with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. In this second situation, it not much about an accepting or rejecting documents matter but one which involves fraud. An amendment has been made to the bill of lading by someone to change the date of shipment from 2 February to 31 January and although it has een clearly stated that Macbeth was not responsible for this amendment, he may still be liable for fraud under misrepresentation if he carries on to seek for payment as he was aware of the alteration. In the case Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National Shipping Corpn, it was held that there will be fraud if the beneficiary or their agent presents documents knowing they contain untrue statements and intending they should be acted on by the person receiving the documents and it will not matter whatever their motive was. It will be a totally different issue however here the beneficiary or the agent was not aware of the untruth and had acted in good faith. In this case however it appears unlikely to be so as Macbeth had made a discovery. Therefore, if Macbeth continues to tender the shipping documents to the Noddy bank, Noddy bank will reserve the right to refuse payment if the bank is able to rely on the alteration of the dates on the bill of lading as compelling evidence of fraudulent presentation by Macbeth. What Macbeth will have to do now after rejection is to after the original company where he had bought the wheat from. How to cite Contract of Documents between Macbeth and Noddy Bank, Papers

Tobacco Industry Corporate Social Responsibility - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Tobacco Industry Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction: Strategic management is the process of evaluation and formation of effective strategies performed by the management team on behalf of owners of organization along with the stimulation of attainment of desired goals and objectives considering the internal and external environment. This procedure develops certain plans in order to attain the desires of the organization and these plans are developed on the basis of organizational requirements, rules, regulations and policies. While developing the strategies for the organization, it is necessary to consider some important points such as external and internal marketing environment, current position in the global market. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are two big brands of soft drink industry and both of them plays effective role for being each others competitor. Strategic planning is a combination of objectives, plans and policies which is done to develop effective organizational strategies with regards to attain competitive advantage in the marketplace. An organizations efficiency could be determined with its strategies, thus, it is necessary for every organization to consider every crucial aspects such as external and internal business environmental conditions before developing strategies in order gain competitive advantage. in terms of international market, Coca-Cola is considered as strong because it holds almost 50% share of the overall non-alcoholic market share in the global market whereas, PepsiCo holds approximately 25% market share. This means, PepsiCo nowhere stands close to Coca-Cola in the international beverage industry. But due to few companies engagement in this industry, PepsiCo is considered as the direct competitor for Coca-Cola in the global market (Cassidy, 2016). Rivalry amongst both the companies is bit old now but still competition between PepsiCo and Coca Cola is considered to be the top rivalry between the two recognized international brands in the world. Thus, PepsiCo tries to attain competitive advantage by adopting unique and innovative measures in their strategies while Coca-Cola is doing the same as defensive strategies in order to maintain their acquired image in the global market (Ling, 2017). External Analysis (PESTLE analysis) Political factors such as governments policies, interest of political parties, etc. influence the performance of beverage industry. In relation with the smooth functioning, both companies i.e. PepsiCo and Coca-Cola have fulfilled all the political factors. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo both have developed its presence in most of the parts of the globe but due to different political conditions and political stability, both the companies are still struggling to enter into several parts (Shtal, et. al., 2018). Same goes with economic conditions, these are also varies country to country. It has been observed that some Asian countries have instable economic conditions due to which adopting license for execution of operations related to beverage industry. GDP, inflation rate, interest rate, exchange rates, etc. factors are some of the crucial factors which affect the performance of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola (Salmons, 2012). Social factors such as target customers tastes, preferences, recent trends, affect the demand of products. In terms of Coca-Cola, they have targeted the countries with high populations which are mainly Asian countries. Apart from this, hot climates are other major factors which are considered by Coca-Cola and PepsiCo in terms of increasing demand of their products (Stone Stone, 2013). Technological advancement is necessary for every company in every industry as it helps them to meet its customers demand in time. With the help of technological improvements, production capacity could easily be enhanced. PepsiCo and Coca-Cola have adopted recent technological advancements with regards to fulfil its target demographics demand along with minimising the wastage of water and other natural resources (Salar Salar, 2014). Legal factors Soft drinks are part of FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) market. Thus, regulations imposed by every country with regards to the production and distribution of FMCG products needs to be considered while developing strategies. Major environmental issues which Coca-Cola, PepsiCo and other soft drink manufacturer face are over-utilisation of ground water and other water resources. Along with this, disposition of waste, imposing control over excess utilisation of natural resources, etc. are some other issues which affects the whole beverage industrys performance. With this regard, both the companies have developed sustainable development policies under which various projects have been executed to save environment as well as other natural resources. Internal Analysis (SWOT) Strengths Weaknesses Coca-Cola PepsiCo Coca-Cola PepsiCo Strong brand reputation Creative and solid brand marketing Growing product portfolio Global experience Brand Equity Customer Loyalty Less diversified portfolio Value addition Competition Product dependency Failed products Opportunities Threats Coca-Cola PepsiCo Coca-Cola PepsiCo Various successful brands to pursue High brand recognition Healthy drinks Improve brand image Improve customer relations Research and development Intense competition from PepsiCo Imposition of taxes Health factor Competition from Coca-Cola Economic slowdowns Government norms and regulations Health factor Competitive analysis Competitive analysis is the method under which primary competitors positon is being evaluated by effective measures. This could be done in various forms such as by evaluating the revenues, strategies, brand reputation, value, etc. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are one of the biggest rivals in the global market and their rivalry is continued since a very long time. They both have been compared lot of times on various aspects. The major factors on which success of soft drink is based on are availability, cooling, visibility, and range. Under this, availability determines the availability of products at any store. Visibility means that if Coca-Cola is present at any store but it is not visualised then availability will be of no use at that particular store. Cooling plays crucial role in the success of soft drinks because until and unless, soft drinks are not chilled, they are of no use. The last factor is range and it impact over the revenues of the companies. Availability of all flavours in al l sizes is known as range availability (Muzumdar, 2014). With the help of competitive analysis, current position could be determined along with the determination of strengths and weaknesses of direct competitors. Competitive analysis plays vital role in corporate strategy. In terms of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, they both are primary competitors for each other. In terms of gaining competitive advantage over each other as well as to maintain the acquired position in the market, following strategies have been adopted by them: PepsiCo: Being a global leader in soft drink, organization focuses over meeting customers needs and enhancing brand value by synchronizing with local and traditional events. In order to enhance demand of their product, PepsiCo launches discount and attractive offers time to time along with attractive slogans and mission statements (Nganga, 2012). One of the solid weapons Pepsi have in their armoury is internal flexibility provided to its employees. In this manner, PepsiCo has given freedom to every manager, salesperson, etc. to promote PepsiCo at their own in order to enhance the demand as well as consumption in the market to gain competitive advantage over Coca-Cola (Bonnet Requillart, 2011). Pricing strategy also plays crucial role in terms of enhancing the demand of the products, thus, PepsiCo has adopted several promotional and discount offers in terms of attracting audience. Due to fewer margins in this industry, both the companies compete with each other at very less rate of profit margin. For example: if Coca-Cola is selling a 500 ml bottle at $0.10 then PepsiCo will reduce its prices to $0.09 in terms of raising demand of their products. Current revenue of PepsiCo is US $ 63,525 million. Coca-Cola: They set up brand image and reliability amongst the target audience by synchronising with mega and popular events such as Cricket World Cup, FIFA World Cup, etc. Apart from this, Coca-Cola has also entered into local markets and with the motive of making customer relations, various local events have also been promoted and sponsored by them (Cuganesan, Guthrie Ward, 2010). In terms of flexibility, Coca-Cola requires approval from its headquarters before starting any promotional or marketing campaign. The same pricing strategy has also been adopted by Coca-Cola but due to huge market share in the global soft drink industry, Coca-Cola focuses over product diversification, maintaining its brand image and on improving quality of its products rather reducing the prices of soft drinks to increase sales. Current revenue of Coca-Cola is US $ 35.410 billion. Industry analysis It is a tool which facilitates a companys understanding regarding its position in the market in comparison to the other companies of the same industry. It helps the companies to develop their strategies in an effective manner considering all factors. It also helps the companies to identify the threats and opportunities as well as to analyse their strengths and opportunities to gain competitive advantage. Industrial analysis could also be evaluated with the help of Porters five forces (Adeoye Elegunde, 2012). This force has low impact over both companies performance and this is because large numbers of suppliers are available in the market and switching costs is also low. In the same manner, it is bit easy for both the companies to switch suppliers at one call while, it will be bit difficult process for suppliers to switch from such companies in one move. Main factors which plays crucial role in bargaining power of suppliers are availability of large number of suppliers, and switching costs for suppliers are also high. Induvial bargaining power of customers is also low because sale of one bottle will not impact organizational overall sales. But there is slight difference between PepsiCos soft drinks and Coca-Colas soft drinks. Thus, this factor could affect both companies performance in negative manner. Coca-Colas customers do not focus over price. Due to several factors such as huge investment required, existence of big brands, etc., newcomers fears to enter into beverage industry. This is because large investment is required in every part i.e. from operations to marketing. Apart from this, customer loyalty of customers for existing brands is also high (Dorfman, et. al., 2012). Threat of substitutes Major substitute product for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo is each others products. Due to large products product offerings, availability of substitute is high for Coca-Cola in relevance with PepsiCo. Quality factor also plays crucial role in terms of making threat of substitute bit strong. Switching costs for customers is also low. Thus, this factor has bit huge impact as compared to other factors. Rivalry amongst Coca-Cola and PepsiCo is intense and both are considered as vital players for the beverage industry. There are some small companies also exists in the beverage industry but they does not have much potential to impact Coca-Colas or PepsiCos business. So, it could be said that rivalry between the existing firms has strong impact. References Adeoye, A.O. and Elegunde, A.F., 2012. Impacts of external business environment on organisational performance in the food and beverage industry in Nigeria.British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences,6(2), pp.194-201. Bonnet, C. and Requillart, V., 2011. Does the EU sugar policy reform increase added sugar consumption? An empirical evidence on the soft drink market.Health economics,20(9), pp.1012-1024. Cassidy, A., 2016.A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Cuganesan, S., Guthrie, J. and Ward, L., 2010. Examining CSR disclosure strategies within the Australian food and beverage industry. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 34, No. 3-4, pp. 169-183). Elsevier. Dorfman, L., Cheyne, A., Friedman, L.C., Wadud, A. and Gottlieb, M., 2012. Soda and tobacco industry corporate social responsibility campaigns: how do they compare?.PLoS medicine,9(6), p.e1001241. Ling, X., 2017. Customer Relationship Management: Case study Coca-Cola Company. Muzumdar, P., 2014. A Study of Business Process: Case Study Approach to PepsiCo. Nganga, C., 2012. Coca-Cola Company. History, SWOT analysis, maketing strategies. Salar, M. and Salar, O., 2014. Determining pros and cons of franchising by using swot analysis.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,122, pp.515-519. Salmons, A., 2012. The Role of Marketing Auditing and Planning for Coca-Cola Corporation.Carpe Diem, The Australian Journal of Business Informatics,5(1). Shtal, T.V., Buriak, M.M., Amirbekuly, Y., Ukubassova, G.S., Kaskin, T.T. and Toiboldinova, Z.G., 2018. Methods of analysis of the external environment of business activities.Revista ESPACIOS,39(12). Stone, R.J. and Stone, R.J., 2013.Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons.

Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover Essay Example

Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover Essay Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers, European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia. Ann Laura Stoler Race and the Education of Desire, Fauoult’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Ann Laura Stoler Introduction We will be presenting two essays by Ann Laura Stoler. The first essay, â€Å"Race and the Education of Desire†, Foucault’s history of sexuality discusses class, race and desire in terms of family and state regulations which are identified as the moral [bourgeois] code in the colonial context of Indochina. The second essay, Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers, European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia is focused on the construction of colonial categories in relation to people belonging to various geographical and cultural roots. Background of French Colonial Expansion: During the nineteenth century, France embarked on a series of conquests, annexations, and campaigns of pacification. From 1900 to 1914 the pacification of various colonies continued, agreements were signed with local authorities, and administrative organizations were put in place that imposed French models for schools, hospitals, and the army. Colonists began developing infrastructures which facilitated the exportation of raw material to metropolitan France. French Indochina It was a colony of commerce which was under the French rule in the 1860s and in the 1870s the Europeans began to settle here, in 1900 approximately 91 thousand settlers were classified European in the Indies. The metis population is also included in this estimate. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Race and the Education of Desire, Foucault’s history of sexuality Stoler represents bourgeois classism in its linkage to racism. The Bourgeois code is discussed as a desire to defend its members from the pollution of the primitive others. The former are considered as threat and enemy of the White culture. Bourgeois fear of assimilation [re]establishes boundaries and influences the entire society [the other social groups]. This moral bourgeois code, represented in the film, is politically defended and implemented in everyday life, it presents prescriptions for both, bourgeois [the lower-class Whites] and natives. In other words the external boundaries of the group are required to be defended by all its members. Hence, racism is established as exposed to the individual and the group explicit regulations. The moral code basically defines appropriate gender and sexual behavior of both men and women. Male and female sexual boundaries are different in that man’s sexuality is less regulated than that of women. Male sexual behavior requires less attention in the colonial context. Man’s outside- camp [home] sexual relations remain unregulated as far as they do not include interracial marriage. The concombinage with native women turn into wide-spread practice. However, the opposite also became a practice as well [ white women with native men] [p. 183] Masculinity defines its hierarchy: at the bottom the native men. The former’s sexuality became under question. The native men were deprived by their masculinity within the colony; they were effeminized. They were seen as less capable men [in the context of Indochina], both sexually and socially. They were gazed as primitive unable to [reason]†¦. â€Å"it takes two of you to do the job† Crossing the race and class boundaries becomes a morality issue. The invisible ties separate different classes and races. However, that question becomes more complex in the colonial context. The sexual relations among economically lower status bourgeois and middle class native complicate the race and class categories. Besides, those interracial relations did not challenge the racism [the invisible ties played out their role], neither the created stereotype regarding the native men. Nevertheless, the boundaries were policed from the both sides of the borderline. Natives were also defending the racial purity of their community. They used those stereotypes for their own purposes. Their weakness became their strength, a strategy to protect the purity of their culture. â€Å"No two of me four of me. You don’t know how weak I am† In the geographical setting of French Indochina†¦ I will mention how sexuality plays a crucial role on creating and confusing colonial categories. The French film â€Å"The Lover† provides us with a creative insight to see, as Stoler describes, those who â€Å"ambiguously straddled, crossed, and threatened† the imperial divides. I will look closely at the story of â€Å"metissage† and mention the generation that emerged from it : â€Å"metis† in colonial context at the turn of the century. This will bring us to an overall view of how gender and race intertwined, how racial frontiers are created with respect to sexualities. And how much they mattered†¦ For general Western spectatorship, Vietnam does not exist outside of the war. And she no longer exists since the war has ended, except as a name, an exemplary model of revolution, or a nostalgic cult object for those who, while admiring unconditionally the revolution, do not seem to take any genuine, sustained interest in the troubled reality of Vietnam in her social and cultural autonomy. The more Vietnam is mystified, the more invisible she becomes. (Trinh T. Minh-ha, When the Moon Waxes Red, 100) Sexual Affronts European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia â€Å"The neat boundaries of the colonial rule† were maintained by referring to the distinctions between: * Cultural sensibilities * Physical attributes * Political sentiments How did this story reflect the  "tensions of Empire†? It’s plot was a combination of: * Racial category * Sexual Morality * National identity Locating Sexuality in Empire The cultural contingency of sexuality†¦ †¦appears in colonial contexts 1) Sexuality Race A sexual subculture emerges in the colonial context: Constructions of racial difference, in turn promotes or restricts particular reproductive relationships. Demography, Eugenics and Moral Degeneration are intertwined within the Imperial codes of race and sexuality. Racial hierarchies regulate sexual desire, by encouraging or discouraging it. 2) Invention of private/domestic realm ? public/civil realm Separation of social life into distinct gendered realms implies, first and foremost, that sexuality is associated with the private realm by masking the sexual politics of the colonial institutions. The heterosexual underpinnings of colonial imperial hierarchies and domestic / public spheres are always conscious in the colonial setting. Joane Nagel – Ethno-sexual Frontiers An ethno-sexual double standard: Powers of domination prevent â€Å"our† women from having sex with â€Å"their† men; but our â€Å"men† can have sex with their women without sancion. It is important to note that the Empire itself is sexualised as the penetration and domination of feminized primitive lands and peoples by virile and masculine bodies. â€Å"Concubinage† as one of the new sexual subjectivities Emotional and economic shelter for those on the margins of the normative heterosexuality. Sexuality emerges in the colonial context as a â€Å"weapon of the weak† (Scott 1985). â€Å"Metissage† – a cultural category â€Å"Metissage† is both referred to as â€Å"cultural creolization† and â€Å"cultural cross-breeding†. Metissage is an extension of the word â€Å"metis†, encompassing social, cultural, historical, racial and aesthetic concerns that can not be fully translated into English. â€Å"Metissage under debate† In Stoler’s essay, we are confronted with the fact that such a bonding was an object of political, legal and social debate. It was conceived as†¦ * A threat to White prestige * An embodiment of European degeneration * An indicator of moral decay Metis Metis is translated as â€Å"half-breed† â€Å"half-caste† or mixed blood and carries with it a negative connotation. Discussion of children of mixed parentage the odd one out in an exotic asylum- Emmanuelle Saada, â€Å"Children of The Colonies: The Metis of the French Empire: Citizens or Subjects? † Associate Professor and Director of the Center for French and Francophone Studies Colonial Representations of sexuality in the moving pictures †¦ The 1980s and 1990s The colonial syndrome Colonialism became a topic that was dealt with in many domains, from studies of colonial cultures to research in history and anthropology. Cinema played an important role in this exploration of the colonial past. Those films are the imaginings and refigurings of colonial culture and life and of colonial wars: for Africa, Claire Deniss Chocolat (1988); for Indochina, Jean Jacques Annauds LAmant (1992), Regis Wargniers Indochine (1992). Even though these films do not mean to be truthful renderings of the past, they are presenting images of the former colonies, of life in the contact zone from a Eurocentric point of view. They capture what overseas stood for in the minds of French spectatorstropical, exotic places: the teeming life of the oriental neighborhood of Cholon in LAmant, the haunting beauty of the Bay of Ha Long in Indochine, the wide landscapes of Africa in Chocolat. Pictures of the landscapes of L’amant and Indochine here! They show the French colony as a territory, and as a multiethnic society where French individuals from different classes and regions lived side by side with native populations under rules, established hierarchies and asymmetries designed to privilege the French and to exploit the land and the natives. These films provide concrete examples of what colonization meant the importation of French traditions through the French administration, which organized and ruled different countries of the Empire. The Lover (L’amant) Director : Jean-Jacques Annauds Adaptation of Marguerite Duras 1984 novel. Narrative of The Lover Set in French Indochina in the 1930s, the narrative explores a young French schoolgirls erotic affair in a colonial background. The protagonist is a 15 year-old girl, the daughter of French school teachers who left France to resettle in Indochina in order to better their social status. She is sent to a Saigon boarding school, and on her trip meets Tony Leung; a 32-year old wealthy Indochinese man of Chinese origins. They look at each and they both see a blinding white flash; its kismet. (fate) They meet in his bachelor room where they revel in a wide variety of creative sexual encounters. She comes from a troubled family. Having failed in a land-exploitation scheme, the mother falls into semi-madness. She leaves her children entirely free to do as they wish. It appears that her family would not approve of an interracial tryst. But neither would his father, since in order to inherit his wealth, he must not break from a traditional Chinese arranged marriage. Annaud organizes the screenplay around this interracial relationship, the impossible metissage. The following spot from the Lover will provide for us visual representation of those compicated relations which occured in the colonial context. The Lover, in depth analysis The film is a representation of the socially constructed character of race and the detrimental effects of these classifications had on non-white peoples in the colonies†¦ Metis in Indochina: In Indochina the term applies to persons of French-Vietnamese descent. â€Å"Metisse† or woman of a mixed race always invoked the erotic and the exotic imagination in the French Literature. It is the primitivism that the European appealed to. She is the representation of the â€Å"domesticated primitism†. (the film – young metisse – highly eroticised) To a large extent, the female protagonist functions as the â€Å"exotic† metisse. The director represents her as an â€Å"exotic spectacle† to be gazed, so that the â€Å"female subjectivity† is centralized in the film’s representation. The young Duras is a â€Å"cultural metisse† – she is the ideal metisse, a European but born in the colonies. And she is transformed into an erotic figure. â€Å"Slender wrists and thick black hair† The young Duras’ physical features indicate her belonging to the Indochina geography, and this very resemblance of her to the girls from Indochina makes her Chinese lover feel related to her†¦ This time, the adolescent white European woman is subjected to the male Oriental gaze – typically contrary to the stereotypical colonial gaze†¦ Screening of the exotic â€Å"Other† The use of eroticism and sexual attraction between the races is inscribed in the films screenplay, as well as the fascination for the Other, be it for a geographical or human landscape. The Lover exposes directly the colonial situation from the position of the colonialist. It examines the parameters of an exotic passion between two people from different social and racial backgrounds, but it is limited to the geography of the Cholon bachelors bedroom. Braving the Boundaries†¦ Duras herself braved both French and Chinese cultural taboos by involving in a relationship with a long-time colonial ruler over the Indochinese population. Their romantic affair is an imperial narrative which places (class) exploitation out of the picture. Yet the class difference between the young French girl and the Indochinese/Chinese man is one of the major components of their relationship. At least, it is one by which Duras justifies the relationship: she is the daughter of a deprived colonizer in need of money, and he is the wealthy, educated son of a Chinese merchant. Once this class distinction is established, exploring interracial desire does not lead to rethinking colonial consciousness, but takes the shape of a cinematic tool as sexuality became a power tool†¦ Inter-racial intimacy overshadowed by the colonial ties †¦ The Lover explores the colonial ties between France and Indochina under the primarily erotic and sexual components of a nubile order, leading to a surface exploration of interracial intimacy. The stories conclusion shows the European reabsorption of the colonizer, whereas the native reintegrates the colonial space assigned to him/her. The Chinese lover marries his Chinese bride †¦ The film is much concerned with the characteristics that racial difference bestowed upon the Indochinese, neatly illustrated by his discussion of possible mixed marriages. Maurice Rondet-Saint’s book: Dans notre Empire Jaune (1917), is concerned with the characteristics that racial difference bestowed upon the Indochinese. It seems to be more particularly the individual role of the mother who fails to upbring her children as an ordinary member of the White colonial society. In this sense, those children were exposed to the native culture. Hence, they become less White, polluted by the â€Å"uncivilized†. The profoundly gendered view of the issue of culturally mixed race children is emphasized by Stoler that even fully European children in colonial context were seen â€Å"White but not quite†. Conclusion Mixed-race sexual relations [especially women] posed a threat because they blurred the sharp distinction between citizens and subjects on which the colonial order rested. This film explores the central place of the  «metis problem » in the management of colonial sexuality. Indochina in that context served as a laboratory for the â€Å"metis question†, but it is also an account of a global Empire marked by the persistent challenge of maintaining boundaries between citizen and subject. By exploring the intersection between sexuality, race and class in the colonial context through a cinematographic representation, we hope we have provided with a solid insight on the matters raised by Stoler on Racial Frontiers, Colonial Identities and the place of desire. Extras: Two figures in academia with an insightful touch on the colonial Indochina: 1) Panivong Norindr, in Filmic Memorial and Colonial Blues: Indochina in Contemporary French Cinema in the book Cinema, Colonialism, Postcolonialism. Perspectives from the French and Francophone Worlds. Ed. Dina Sherzer French culture- its love affair with Indochina- resulting in a number of novels and films. He considers three filmsIndochine, LAmant, and Dien Bien Phuin order to examine how they participate in the construction of a collective memory of Indochina. He concludes that these films sustain and reinforce the founding myths of the colonial presence in Indochina. 2) Srilata Ravi, in â€Å"Metis, Metisse and Metissage: Representations and Self-representations† in the book Asia in Europe, Europe in Asia By Farid Alatas (Syed. ), Srilata Ravi, Mario Rutten, Beng-Lan Goh : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Works Cited Nagel, 2000. Ethnicity and Sexuality. Annual Review of Sociology. 26 Pratt, 1992 – Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routhledge Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT. Yale University Press.

Probability of a Large Straight in Yahtzee in One Roll

Probability of a Large Straight in Yahtzee in One Roll Yahtzee is a dice game that uses five standard six-sided dice. On each turn, players are given three rolls to obtain several different objectives. After each roll, a player may decide which of the dice (if any) are to be retained and which are to be rerolled. The objectives include a variety of different kinds of combinations, many of which are taken from poker. Every different kind of combination is worth a different amount of points. Two of the types of combinations that players must roll are called straights: a small straight and a large straight. Like poker straights, these combinations consist of sequential dice. Small straights employ four of the five dice and large straights use all five dice. Due to the randomness of the rolling of dice, probability can be used to analyze how likely it is to roll a large straight in a single roll. Assumptions We assume that the dice used are fair and independent of one another. Thus there is a uniform sample space consisting of all possible rolls of the five dice. Although Yahtzee allows three rolls, for simplicity we will only consider the case that we obtain a large straight in a single roll. Sample Space Since we are working with a uniform sample space, the calculation of our probability becomes a calculation of a couple of counting problems. The probability of a straight is the number of ways to roll a straight, divided by the number of outcomes in the sample space. It is very easy to count the number of outcomes in the sample space. We are rolling five dice and each of these dice can have one of six different outcomes. A basic application of the multiplication principle tells us that the sample space has 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 65 7776 outcomes. This number will be the denominator of all of the fractions that we use for our probabilities. Number of Straights Next, we need to know how many ways there are to roll a large straight. This is more difficult than calculating the size of the sample space. The reason why this is harder is because there is more subtlety in how we count. A large straight is harder to roll than a small straight, but it is easier to count the number of ways of rolling a large straight than the number of ways of rolling a small straight. This type of straight consists of five sequential numbers. Since there are only six different numbers on the dice, there are only two possible large straights: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Now we determine the different number of ways to roll a particular set of dice that give us a straight. For a large straight with the dice {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} we can have the dice in any order. So the following are different ways of rolling the same straight: 1, 2, 3, 4, 55, 4, 3, 2, 11, 3, 5, 2, 4 It would be tedious to list all of the possible ways to get a 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Since we only need to know how many ways there are to do this, we can use some basic counting techniques. We note that all that we are doing is permuting the five dice. There are 5! 120 ways of doing this. Since there are two combinations of dice to make a large straight and 120 ways to roll each of these, there are 2 x 120 240 ways to roll a large straight. Probability Now the probability of rolling a large straight is a simple division calculation. Since there are 240 ways to roll a large straight in a single roll and there are 7776 rolls of five dice possible, the probability of rolling a large straight is 240/7776, which is close to 1/32 and 3.1%. Of course, it is more likely than not that the first roll is not a straight. If this is the case, then we are allowed two more rolls making a straight much more likely. The probability of this is much more complicated to determine because of all of the possible situations that would need to be considered.

Grand Bargain - Details and Explanation

Grand Bargain - Details and Explanation The term grand bargain is used to describe a potential agreement between President Barack Obama and congressional leaders in late 2012 on how to curb spending and reduce the national debt while avoiding steep automatic spending cuts known as sequestration or the fiscal cliff set to take place the following year to some of the most important programs in the United States. The idea of a grand bargain had been around since 2011 but the real potential emerged following the 2012 presidential election, in which voters returned many of the same leaders to Washington, including Obama and some of his fiercest critics in Congress. The looming fiscal crisis combined with a polarized House and Senate provided high drama in the final weeks of 2012 as lawmakers worked to avoid the sequestration cuts. Details of the Grand Bargain The term grand bargain was used because it would be a bipartisan agreement between the Democratic president and Republican leaders in the House of Representatives, who had been gridlocked on policy proposals during his first term in the White House. Among the programs that could be targeted for substantial cuts in a grand bargain are the so-called entitlement programs: Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. Democrats who resisted such cuts would agree to them if Republicans, in return, sign off on higher taxes on certain high-income wage-earners much like the Buffett Rule would have imposed. History of the Grand Bargain The grand bargain on debt reduction first emerged during Obamas first term in the White House. But negotiations over the details of such a plan unraveled in the summer of 2011 and never began in earnest until after the 2012 presidential election. The disagreements in the first round of negotiations reportedly were the insistence by Obama and the Democrats on a certain level of new tax revenue. Republicans, particularly more conservative members of Congress, were said to have vigorously opposed raising taxes beyond a certain amount, reportedly some $800 million worth of new revenue. But following Obamas re-election, House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio appeared to signal a willingness to accept higher taxes in return for cuts to entitlement programs. In order to garner Republican support for new revenues, the President must be willing to reduce spending and shore up the entitlement programs that are the primary drivers of our debt, Boehner told reporters following the election. We’re closer than anyone thinks to the critical mass needed legislatively to get tax reform done. Opposition to the Grand Bargain Many Democrats and liberals expressed skepticism over Boehners offer, and restated their opposition to cuts in Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. They argued that Obamas decisive victory allowed him a certain mandate on maintaining the nations social programs and safety nets. They also claimed the cuts in combination with the expiration of both the Bush-era tax cuts and payroll-tax cuts in 2013 could send the country back into a recession. The liberal economic Paul Krugman, writing in The New York Times, argued that Obama should not easily accept the Republican offer of a new grand bargain: President Obama has to make a decision, almost immediately, about how to deal with continuing Republican obstruction. How far should he go in accommodating the G.O.P.’s demands? My answer is, not far at all. Mr. Obama should hang tough, declaring himself willing, if necessary, to hold his ground even at the cost of letting his opponents inflict damage on a still-shaky economy. And this is definitely no time to negotiate a grand bargain on the budget that snatches defeat from the jaws of victory.

Remedies to Reduce Causes of Unproductive Conflict Essay

Remedies to Reduce Causes of Unproductive Conflict - Essay Example This essay stresses that  the manager of the store, Janice, never delegates responsibilities, and does not communicate policies from the corporate headquarters. There is also an unfair distribution of merit bonuses, which reflects discrimination at the workplace. This indicates poor communication, poor delegation of responsibilities, and unfairness at the workplace which cause high level of conflict at the workplace.  According to the report findings  to reduce the causes of conflict, it is important to delegate responsibilities effectively and given junior managers an opportunity to participate in decision making. This can be achieved by providing supportive infrastructure and power structure. In terms of supportive infrastructure, the company should encourage good budgeting approach, confidentiality, value alignment, top management support, and effective feedback mechanism. The power structure should also be improved to include delegated power, disbursed decision making, and collaborative task performance.  The problem experienced at Main Street Bakeries, store seventy-five is that the top management is not supportive. Janice fails to provide fair bonuses and support at the workplace. The changes made are not communicated, and employees fail to understand the need for such changes.  Supportive infrastructure should be developed to resolve this problem. The upper management should develop values and virtues that guide responsibilities in every organizational level.